The vhdl coding for a 4 bit comparator is as follows:-
Its a behavioural type of modelling…..
LIBRARY ieee ;
USE ieee.std_logic_1164.all ;
USE ieee.std_logic_arith.all ;
ENTITY compare IS
PORT ( A, B : IN SIGNED(3 DOWNTO 0) ;
AeqB, AgtB, AltB : OUT STD_LOGIC ) ;
END compare ;
ARCHITECTURE Behavior OF compare IS
BEGIN
AeqB <= ‘1’ WHEN A = B ELSE ‘0’ ;
AgtB <= ‘1’ WHEN A > B ELSE ‘0’ ;
AltB <= ‘1’ WHEN A < B ELSE ‘0’ ;
END Behavior ;
A good resume is very important for each and every engineer,to show all about his/her skillsets and hard work in a general way.
Here you will get a variety of resumes….just for you.
If you have any ideas or suggestions please mail me , your views will surely be undertaken.
WiTricity is nothing but a name given to wireless electricity. Transmission of electrical energy from one object to another without the use of wires is called as WiTricity. WiTricity will ensure that the cellphones, laptops, iPods and all other power hungry devices get charged on their own, eliminating the need of plugging them in. Even better, because of WiTricity some of the devices won’t require batteries to operate.
Well lets see a brief introduction to its inventor and then to the working part:
Invented by Nikola Tesla(1856 – 1943)
.
The idea of wireless electricity has been around since the early days of the Tesla coil.Tesla invented the alternating-current generator that provides your light and electricity, the transformer through which it is sent, and even the high voltage coil of your picture tube. The Tesla Coil, in fact, is used in radios, television sets, and a wide range of other electronic equipment – invented in 1891, no-one’s ever come up with anything better.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Then the initiate was taken by the group of MIT scientists, “WiTricity” (as these scientists call it).They demonstrated the ability to power a 60-watt light bulb from a power source seven feet away without wires might not seem like the most impressive of feats, but the technology behind it has massive implications for how we live our tech-filled, power-hungry lives.The first copper coil (24 inches in diameter) was connected to the
power source and the second was connected to the bulb, and were
made to resonate at a frequency of 10 MHz. The bulb glowed even
when different objects (like a wooden panel) were placed between
the two coils. The system worked with 40% efficiency and the power
that wasn’t utilized remained in the vicinity of the transmitter itself,
and did not radiate to the surrounding environment.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
The basic principle behind the “witricity” is “RESONANCE COUPLING”.The electric power from the power source causes the copper coil
connected to it to start oscillating at a particular (MHz) frequency.
Subsequently, the space around the copper coil gets filled with nonmagnetic
radiations. This generated magnetic field further transfers
the power to the other copper coil connected to the receiver. Since
this coil is also of the same frequency, it starts oscillating at the same
frequency as the first coil.Which is the “coupled resonance”.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Automatic Metering Using 3G-a new booming topic to the upcoming technology i.e. 3G.The things which has enhanced its properties over simple metering are:
1.Use of 3g.
2.Wireless connectivity with high security.
3.Automatic,so as to reduce human headache and error cases.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Below is the further description of each and every part with their figures:
Theses are the gas ,water and electric meters but specially equipped with 3g systems so as they can convert and then Emmit the units covered into the collectible data packets.
___________________________________________________________________________
These are the 3g boosters which will collect all the emitted data packets from meters and also boost its quality as suggested by its name then the collected data will be transferred to the repeaters.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Repeaters are simply the large boosters.All the data packets from various boosters are collected by the repeaters and is sent for data management after its decoding.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Finally data is managed through advanced scheme by graphs and charts for decoding the data packets into the units again and then bills are formed to be posted to consumers.
________________________________________________________________________________
That”s all about automatic metering by 3g,please give your comments over it and feel free to ask any query in any case.
If you need a presentation over it , please write me,i will surely try to post it here.
The project “VARIABLE REGULATED POWER SUPPLY” plays a very important role in the laboratory functions and that is mainly to the electronics labs. As in electronics all the instruments, components work on a particular regulated dc supply ,so a project which can provide this supply by converting the alternating current to direct current that too into a great range of regulated power keep its own preference. As it can produce a range of 0-30 v direct current by regulating and converting alternating current is has a vast application too. Such converters are also known as “Switch Mode Power Supply” (SMPS). AC to DC converters generally comprise a rectifier bridge to rectify the AC current of the input line and a regulating device supplying on output of one or more regulated DC voltages.
Just the simple ac current is applied and through potentiometer you get the desired regulated dc power supply.
Following is the list of parts or the components required to design this circuit:
1. BR1 = Bridge Rectifier, 100V – 3A
2. C1 = 2200 µF, 63V
3. IC1 = LM317, adjustable regulator
4. C2 = 0.1 µF
5. V = Meter, 30V, Ri = 85 ohm
6. C3 = 1µF, 40V
7. TR1 = Transformer, 25V, 2A
8. Plug = 3-wire plug & cord
9. R1 = 18K, 5%
10. S1 = On-Off toggle switch
11. R2 = 220 ohm, 5%
12. D1 = 1N4001
13. R3 = 27K, 5%
14. Fuse = 110V, 500mA, slow-blow
15. P1 = 5K, potentiometer
16. P2 = 10K, 10-turn trim-pot
17. Fuse Holder, wire, solder, case, knob for P1
18. Red & Black Banana Jacks
WORKING:-
The 110V-AC coming from the powercord is fed to the transformer TR1 via the on-off switch and the 500mA fuse. The 30v ac output (approximately) from the transformer is presented to the BR1, the bridge-rectifier, and here rectified from AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current). If you don’t want to spend the money for a Bridge Rectifier, you can easily use four general purpose 1N4004 diodes. The pulsating DC output is filtered via the 2200µF capacitor (to make it more manageable for the regulator) and fed to ‘IN’-put of the adjustable LM317 regulator (IC1). The output of this regulator is your adjustable voltage of 1.2 to 30 volts varied via the ‘Adj’ pin and the 5K pot meter P1. The large value of C1 makes for a good, low ripple output voltage.
Why exactly 1.2V and not 0-volt? Very basic, the job of the regulator is two-fold; first, it compares the output voltage to an internal reference and controls the output voltage so that it remains constant, and second, it provides a method for adjusting the output voltage to the level you want by using a potentiometer. Internally the regulator uses a zener diode to provide a fixed reference voltage of 1.2 volt across the external resistor R2. (This resistor is usually around 240 ohms, but 220 ohms will work fine
without any problems). Because of this the voltage at the output can never decrease below 1.2 volts, but as the potentiometer (P1) increases in resistance the voltage across it, due to current from the regulator plus current from R2, its voltage increases. This increases the output voltage.
D1 is a general purpose 1N4001 diode, used as a feedback blocker. It steers any current that might be coming from the device under power around the regulator to prevent the regulator from being damaged. Such reverse currents usually occur when devices are powered down.
The ‘ON’ Led will be lit via the 18K resistor R1. The current through the led will be between 12 – 20mA @ 2V depending on the type and color Led you are using. C2 is a 0.1µF (100nF) decoupler capacitor to filter out the transient noise which can be induced into the supply by stray magnetic fields. Under normal conditions this capacitor is only required if the regulator is far away from the filter cap, but I added it anyway. C3 improves transient response. This means that while the regulator may perform perfectly at DC and at low frequencies, (regulating the voltage regardless of the load current), at higher frequencies it may be less effective. Adding this 1 µF capacitor should improve the response at those frequencies.
R3 and the trimmer pot (P2) allows you to ‘zero’ your meter to a set voltage. The meter is a 30Volt type with an internal resistance of 85 ohms. I you have or obtained a meter with a different Ri (internal resistance) you will have to adjust R3 to keep the current of meter to 1mA. Just another note in regards this meter, use the reading as a guideline. The reading may or may not be off by about 0.75volts at full scale, meaning if your meter indicates 30 volts it may be in reality almost 31 volts or 29 volts. If you need a more precise voltage, then use your multimeter.
Engineer's World 